2
  -2022
..  
 
(   )
:      :100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.            

2.            
-
3.       
4.            
2
-
5.             '
  
6.            
     ?
-
7.              
     
8.    -    
2
  -2022
..  
 
(   )
:      :100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.            

:1.     
   ,           
         ,       ,   
             :
  ?
      ?
       ?
        ?
   ,    '        
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾:   " "         
-   ,            


2
2.     
  ',          -  ,
,    ""        ,  
 -
   ,       :
   ?
   
?
     ?
    ?
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾:    " "  
    
        '   
3.     
    ,    '     
:
  ()
 ()
 ()

          , 
,     -   ,     
 
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾:  ,         
,          
4.     
              
 
     ,        ,
 '             
  
2
5. -  
            -    
             ,
             ,    
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾:     ,    , 
           
    ( )
               ,
        ,     
     
1.   
             
    :
   ( ,   ,  , )
    
 ( )
  - (, , , )
2.   
          :
-    (, )
   (, , )
     
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾:             

3.   
        
     
    '    :
2
  ?
   (, , )
  
      
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾: ,      -    '
 ,          
4.     
              
      :
  (   ,      )
  (  , )
  ,      
5.  
  -           
        ' 
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾: (  1789    )   (   
 )      
   
         
,     :
   -  ,  ,    
   

   -      ' ,       
     -    , 
,       
- -    -  (   , -
)   

:     
  
2
      ,  ,
            , 
            ,
    
          :
      
     
     
 ,           ,  
,    ,  ,         
 
 :   



, -,  -

, , , , , 

, ,  , ,   

 , / 

 ,   ,  
2.            
: I.      
1.     
  
         
      
  ,            ''  '
'
    
         ,    
 
2
2.   
     ,      1789    , 
             , 
   ,     
 
      ,       
    ,      , -   
       
3.     
        ,     (
 , , )  -     :
           
   
, ,         
        
4.     '   
  , ,         

         
  
 :
     ,   (1215)    
  
    ,        

II.       
1.      
 
         
     
     ,  
      , ,     
       
   -     ,     
    
  
2.     '    
2
, ,          
       -    -     
   
, ,         
    
 :
       
;      
            
 
3.       
 :       '   , 
     ( ,  ,  )  , 
  
:  ',          ',
  ,          
 :, , ,    '   
          
4.   -  
   -        ,   
       :
     , 
     
  :
  ,      (  2008     
    )
             
 
III. - :  
 
     :

  + 
  +  

   

 '     

2

  + 
  +  
 

, , ,
 
, ,  , 
 

 ,  ,

 , - ,



   

?      
?
    
?      
  ?
IV.     
  
     ,     
 
 
  ,  
          
       :
    -      
  
    -            

    
    -         , 
 
  ,    
- :
    '  :
  ',       
  ',        
  ',    ,      

    ,     :
 :       
:      
 :       
2

   ,       
    
              ,
           
     ()  - ()   
 ,
              

    ,         
,        
    
      ,   : 

   
   - 
          
           ,       
   
-
3.       
:1.   ?
        , ,     
              ,    
          
:      '           
         
   :
 -     
 -        
 -     
 
 -      (   
)
:,         ,   , 
          
2.   ?
       
          
    
 ,    ,     
 
2
:               
 
   :
  ()
   ()
    ()
  :
 (   )
 (  )
 (  )
:    ,  , ,    
    
       
 -     
 
3.   ?
             
    
        -, , , ,  -
,  ,   , ,     

:           
    
   
   :
     '
, ,      
     (     
)
     
:   - , , ,    
    ,        
,     
 -     
,  ,      
       ,  -    ' 

2
1.   
:       , ,    
:            
:            
  
2. 
:   
  
   
,   
 
:        
:     ;         
(    )
3. 
:    , , ,   
:   - , , 
:,     '  - 
4. 
:     '  , ,   
:        
:          (, ,
, , , )  
5. 
:        
:      
:       

6. 
:    '    
2
:; , ,       
 
:               
7.   
:            ,     
   
:         
     

:    ,    
 ,  
   ,     
 
8. 
:       
:        
:-,    - 

    
  
     :
 ()         ,    
  ( ,  )        
   , ,  , ,    

      ,     ,    
 

 ,  ,         ,     '
 
   -  
    
          
2
     ,       '    
            ,   
            
              
        
      ,         
          
4.            
:1.   -     
:
         ,   
       -           

      '       :
1.  
2.  
3. 
4. 
5.  (  )
  ,  (          )
    ,           
         '    
2.      :
  ,      -       -   
 
            ,  
  ,            
,   
  

 -        (    ),    
               
            -     (
)    
 (   - )
2
     ,        ,   
  - 
 ,               
                
3.      :
    '     
      
  
,       '        
      :
  ,          
 
  ,    
         
      
  ,    
,   ( , 
)      
 ,          '  ,   
 -       -          
  ' 
     
;       
4.    -  " ":
             
     
                 ,
             
       (    )       
    ,         () 
   :
1.       -      
2.             
    
3.             
,    

4.  ,  " ",    ,  ,    -
     -   
5.    :
2
           -  

 :        (  , , 
,    )  
:   ,  , , ,     
  ,   -       
         
     
     ,  - ( )    
 :
 ,    ,  
   
 ,       ,     

6.   :
             , 
 1917    ,        :
              
      
     ,      
 
          ,   
   

,  ,              ,  
        ,        
       
 
:
 ,        
  :
   

         
         
  
,      
 ,      ,        

2
    '            
          ,       
          ,     

   ,         
             
        
;         
  
-
5.             '
  
:󷊄󷊅󷊆󷊇󷊈󷊉   
1.    
         ' 
,     '  
     , "        
 " 
      ,    ,     
(), ,     '        ,   
       ()   ()  
    '  
    , "            ,"   
         
 
2. : -  
 ,  (-)           , 
        
      
              
 
   :
: ,    '  
:        '   
,      
2
3.   
   ,          ,    
       " "   ,    
-     ,        
           '     
,    :
   (   ),
   
(    )
4.     
                   
       ,           
         '     -
     
   ,       
 
  
               

 
5. :   
       (  )        
                 
   ,           
     
,  
,      
,         ,        
    
󷈚󷈛     
         ,       
               
  :
2
1.      
           ' ,   -  
   ,     ,   ,   -
   
  ,    ,        
          ,     
  -     
2.     
               
   ,           
   ,    ,       
   ,         
3.     
   -     ,       
  ,    
     , , 
        

    ,          
     ,       
4.   '   
       ,     ' 
      ,          
             
      , ,        
      '  
  -    ,  
    
2
5.     
  -, -  -       
 ,  ,          
   
        ,       
     ,        


󷃆󼽢
      ,   -       
           '  ,   
     , ,         
       -  
,             
    -,        
     , ,    '      
         
 ,       
 ,     
  -       
6.            
     ?
:   
                
'      '         
        ,          ' 
       
 -      
  
    
2
       
       
          
     
      
1. ,  
              
        
   ,   
  ,              
,           
    
:  ,      (MITI)     
     
 
2.      
           ,   ,  
          ,   
 ,                
      
:   ,    -  (   
    )    ,      
   
3. -   
  
        
   
   ,            
   -   , ,      
 
           ,     
,     ,    '     
4.      :           
    ,  ,        
                

2
:              
   ,   ,    
 '     
5.   -   (  )
   ,         
 
               
  
      ,       
          
, -   ,          
6.     '   
   -        
       
,       ,
  
 ,    '   
:      ,       
'       
7.      
           ,      
     10, 20,  30          
              
      
  -   
          
    
1.      
               
             
              
   
2
:                - 
    
2.    
         ,     
 -      ,        
  
 
3. -  (    )
 ,            
 ,         ,   
,            
      
4.  -        
       -       ,  
,     -          


:     - ,     
     
5.  
           , , 
     ,         

       '   '    

6.    (  )
                
     ,         
      ,       ,     
  
2

 ,              
          ,    
,      ,        ' 
  ,  ,           
                
  
,       '    -  , 
,  ,  ,        
  
 , ,      ,  
                
 
-
6.              
     
:   
 ,              
  :
1.  (   ):
"        "
                 
 
 
2.  (    ):
"     '     "
 
         
      
  
2
3.  (   ):
"                 
    
"
    '       ,     

  
             
:
1. 
  ,         
    
        , ,        
   ,            
,   ,   ,  ,   
    ,    ',      
2. 
       -       -   
     ,           
,        
3. 
        '        
 
 -  ,   ,     
 
          
4. 
    
         
  (    ),     
   , 
      ,          
 

2
5. 
   -    
        
 ,       ,       
  ,   ,         
     ,  
6. 
                  
        '   '  
     
 '      ,    
7.   
            , , , 
   '       ,    
             
 
 
8.   
              
          ,     
,             
,   
'     
   (  )
     ,     '     
 -       :
1.   :          , 
 
2.  :         
,       '  
3.  :            ,
  '    
2
4.  :           
5.  :      -       

:    
?
        ,       - 
               
  :
1.  
2.     
3.   
4.   
5.     
6.   
   , 
          
     
 
          
            ,   
   ,       :      
  
   
         ,        -
       ,       ,   
             , 
          
    
         
 ,
   -            
8.    -    
:1.  
:           
         -   , , , ,
,  
2
:               
    ,       ,  , 
  (SC)    (ST)       
    ,        
:          ,        
              
     
2.  
:              '  
                  

:              
          ,    
 
:     '       ,       
,      
3.  
:        ,     
, ,    
 
:   ,    ,     
             
   '    
,         
:  ,    '   ,   
   ,         ' 
4.   (  )
:     '       ' 
           
:        '   
   
       
    
 :       '     
    
2
5.  
:   
        (   
 )     
,    
 
:          ,    
     
 
  :       
    ,      
6.    
    '          :
A.  
:     ,       ,
     '    


:              
          
:    18
         
B.  
:             ,  
    
:           ,  -
      ,      '   


:   '   ,       
 '   
7. 
 - 
:              
    ,   
      
: ,          
            
 
2
:        
 
:       '    
     
  
 ?
          :
1. : -   ' 
  - , , , , ,
, , 
2. :     ,    
3.  :           
   
4.  :            
     
 
5. : '        
  
  
   
   ,        :
1. :           
    

2.  :           
 
 
3.   -:           
 
4. :            
  

               
             - , ,
   -       
           ,   
 
            
       ,    
 
2
      ,    -   
   ,         
"               

       ,         "